不同抗凝人血浆凝固酶检测的探讨

目的 了解3种不同抗凝人血浆检测血浆凝固酶的可行性及观察时间对结果的影响.方法 用3种不同抗凝人血浆及以不同菌液浓度作试管法凝固酶试验.结果 EDTA-K2抗凝血浆出现阳性慢,凝块大多较小,24 h内稳定性较好;枸橼酸钠抗凝血浆出现结果介于EDTA-K2、肝素抗凝血浆之间,结果最不稳定;肝素抗凝血浆出现阳性最快,但不够稳定;菌液浓度对出现阳性的早晚无影响.结论 3种抗凝人血浆在试管法凝固酶测定中使用时,出现阳性快慢不受菌液浓度影响,随时间延长溶解现象可能会增加,应掌握结果观察时间,以降低假阴性.     

Global warming promotes biological invasion of a honey bee pest

Climate change and biological invasions are two major global environmental challenges. Both may interact, e.g. via altered impact and distribution of invasive alien species. Even though invasive species play a key role for compromising the health of honey bees, the impact of climate change on the severity of such species is still unknown. The small hive beetle (SHB, Aethina tumida, Murray) is a parasite of honey bee colonies. It is endemic to sub‐Saharan Africa and has established populations on all continents except Antarctica. Since SHBs pupate in soil, pupation performance is governed foremost by two abiotic factors, soil temperature and moisture, which will be affected by climate change. Here, we investigated SHB invasion risk globally under current and future climate scenarios. We modelled survival and development time during pupation (=pupal performance) in response to soil temperature and soil moisture using published and novel experimental data. Presence data on SHB distribution were used for model validation. We then linked the model with global soil data in order to classify areas (resolution: 10 arcmin; i.e. 18.6 km at the equator) as unsuitable, marginal and suitable for SHB pupation performance. Under the current climate, the results show that many areas globally yet uninvaded are actually suitable, suggesting considerable SHB invasion risk. Future scenarios of global warming project a vehement increase in climatic suitability for SHB and corresponding potential for invasion, especially in the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, thereby creating demand for enhanced and adapted mitigation and management. Our analysis shows, for the first time, effects of global warming on a honey bee pest and will help areas at risk to prepare adequately. In conclusion, this is a clear case for global warming promoting biological invasion of a pest species with severe potential to harm important pollinator species globally.     

Confinement Behavior of Cape Honey Bees (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.) in Relation to Population Densities of Small Hive Beetles (Aethina tumida Murray)

We quantified the effects of increasing small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) populations on guarding behavior of Cape honey bees (Apis mellifera capensis, an African subspecies). We found more confinement sites (prisons) at the higher (50 beetles per colony) rather than lower (25 beetles per colony) beetle density. The number of beetles per prison did not change with beetle density. There were more guard bees per beetle during evening than morning. Neither guard bee nor beetle behavior varied with beetle density or over time. Forty-six percent of all beetles were found among the combs at the low beetle density and this increased to 58% at the higher one. In neither instance were beetles causing depredation to host colonies. Within the limits of the experiment, guarding behavior of Cape honey bees is relatively unaffected by increasing beetle density (even if significant proportions of beetles reach the combs).     

A hidden Markov movement model for rapidly identifying behavioral states from animal tracks

Electronic telemetry is frequently used to document animal movement through time. Methods that can identify underlying behaviors driving specific movement patterns can help us understand how and why animals use available space, thereby aiding conservation and management efforts. For aquatic animal tracking data with significant measurement error, a Bayesian state‐space model called the first‐Difference Correlated Random Walk with Switching (DCRWS) has often been used for this purpose. However, for aquatic animals, highly accurate tracking data are now becoming more common. We developed a new hidden Markov model (HMM) for identifying behavioral states from animal tracks with negligible error, called the hidden Markov movement model (HMMM). We implemented as the basis for the HMMM the process equation of the DCRWS, but we used the method of maximum likelihood and the R package TMB for rapid model fitting. The HMMM was compared to a modified version of the DCRWS for highly accurate tracks, the DCRWS, and to a common HMM for animal tracks fitted with the R package moveHMM. We show that the HMMM is both accurate and suitable for multiple species by fitting it to real tracks from a grey seal, lake trout, and blue shark, as well as to simulated data. The HMMM is a fast and reliable tool for making meaningful inference from animal movement data that is ideally suited for ecologists who want to use the popular DCRWS implementation and have highly accurate tracking data. It additionally provides a groundwork for development of more complex modeling of animal movement with TMB. To facilitate its uptake, we make it available through the R package swim.     

国家野外试验站现状分析及网络化体系构建

为了推动筹建国家级重点野外科学观测试验站网络化管理的工作,充分发挥野外试验站所观测数据的作用.我们选取了25个野外试验站作为试点站,并于2002年8月至10月主要采用调查表、网上查询和电子邮件交流的方式进行调查,调研的主要内容涉及各野外台站的基本情况、软硬什和网络以及数据集现状,以及国外野外台站的运行状况和发展趋势.通过调查结果的分析,表明目前我国野外台站在数据监测、管理以及数据标准化与共享方面存在较多的不足之处.据此提出建立网络台站管理体系的框架,为实现我国国家级野外试验站数据标准化与信息共事的目标奠定基础.     

壳聚糖治疗阴道感染的临床疗效及观察

目的分析壳聚糖治疗阴道感染的临床疗效及观察。方法对随机抽取的320例患者进行壳聚糖治疗前和治疗后的比较。结果在320例阴道感染中,治疗效果显效245例（占受检人数的76．56％）,治疗效果有效67例（占受检人数的20．94％）,治疗无效8例（占受检人数的2．5％）。结论分析壳聚糖对各种阴道感染都有较好的疗效,有利于阴道微感染的治疗,而且治疗过程中,无一例患者发生副反应,表明壳聚糖治疗阴道感染的安全性。     

双环醇片治疗慢性肝炎高转氨酶血症的疗效观察

目的：观察双环醇片治疗慢性肝炎高转氨酶血症的临床疗效。方法：选择住院或门诊慢性肝炎高转氨酶血症患者280例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组141例,对照组139例。治疗组在常规保肝治疗的基础上加用双环醇片25m每日3次口服,对照组在常规保肝治疗的基础上加用甘利欣胶囊150mg每日3次口服。疗程均为4周。治疗前后每周详细记录患者症状、体征、肝功能、肾功能、电解质、及血尿常规,同时记录治疗过程中的不良反应及停药后随访3个月。结果：两组均有显著疗效,肝功能生化指标与治疗前相比有显著性差异（治疗组P〈0.01,对照组P〈0.05）,治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）,且治疗组出现的不良反应明显少于对照组。结论：双环醇片治疗慢性肝炎高转氨酶血症疗效好,不良反应较少,值得临床推广。     

Infestation of commercial bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) field colonies by small hive beetles (Aethina tumida)

Abstract.  1. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida , is a parasite of honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) colonies native to sub-Saharan Africa and has become an invasive species. In North America the beetle is now sympatric with bumblebees, Bombus , not occurring in its native range. Laboratory studies have shown that small hive beetles can reproduce in bumblebee colonies but it was not known whether infestations occur in the field.
2. For the first time, infestation of bumblebee colonies by small hive beetles was investigated in the field. Commercial Bombus impatiens colonies ( n = 10) were installed in proximity to infested apiaries. Within 8 weeks, all colonies that were alive in the 5-week observation period ( n = 9) became naturally infested with adult small hive beetles and successful small hive beetle reproduction occurred in five colonies.
3. In four-square choice tests, the beetles were attracted to both adult bumblebee workers and pollen from bumblebee nests, suggesting that these odours may serve as cues for host finding.
4. The data indicate that bumblebee colonies may serve as alternative hosts for small hive beetles in the field. To foster the conservation of these essential native pollinators, investigations on the actual impact of small hive beetles on wild bumblebee populations are suggested.     

Robust regression for clustered data with application to binary responses

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) can be highly influenced by the presence of unusual data points. A generalization of the GEE procedure, which yields parameter estimates and fitted values that are resistant to influential data, is introduced. Resistant generalized estimating equations (REGEE) include weights in the estimating equations to downweight influential observations or clusters. Influential observations are downweighted according to their leverage or residual in an example of correlated binary regression applied to 137 urinary incontinent elderly patients from 38 medical practices.     

水稻雄核发育途径及游离花粉粒培养的活体观察

(1)在水稻雄核发育中,观察到 A—V、A—G、A—GV 和 B 途径,通常 B 途径占优势。在雄核发育早期,各种发育途径的花粉均有退化现象发生。(2)观察和统计表明,游离核型的多核花粉在发育过程中可转变为多细胞花粉,因而也是有发育前途的。(3)能够启动雄核发育的花粉通常是原生质稠密,在花粉群体中属中等大小(35—40μ)的花粉。多细胞花粉在突破花粉壁前。其细胞壁常常加厚,破壁时整个花粉有突然收缩的现象。(4)多细胞花粉内通常含有一些缓慢运动的小淀粉粒,它们可能积极参与了花粉雄核发育过程中的代谢活动。